So now, Glaucon,
I said, our argument after winding Footnote 1The argument is slightly personified. Cf. on 503 A. a long Footnote 2It is captious to object that the actual discussion of the philosopher occupies only a few pages. and weary way has at last made clear to us who are the philosophers or lovers of wisdom and who are not.
Yes,
he said, a shorter way is perhaps not feasible.
Apparently not,
I said. I, at any rate, think that the matter would have been made still plainer if we had had nothing but this to speak of, and if there were not so many things left which our purpose Footnote 3This is the main theme of the Republic, of which Plato never loses sight. of discerning the difference between the just and the unjust life requires us to discuss.
What, then,
he said, comes next?
What else,
said I, but the next in order? Since the philosophers are those who are capable of apprehending that which is eternal and unchanging, Footnote 4For κατὰ ταὐτὰ ὡσαύτως ἔχοντος Cf. Phaedo 78 C, Soph. 248 A, Tim. 41 D, 82 B, Epin. 982 B and E. while those who are incapable of this but lose themselves and wander Footnote 5Cf. p. 89, note h, on 505 C. amid the multiplicities of multifarious things, are not philosophers, which of the two kinds ought to be the leaders in a state?
What, then,
he said, would be a fair statement of the matter?
Whichever,
I said, appear competent to guard the laws and pursuits of society, these we should establish as guardians.
Right,
he said. Is this, then,
said I, clear, whether the guardian who is to keep watch over anything ought to be blind or keen of sight?
Of course it is clear,
he said. Do you think, then, that there is any appreciable difference between the blind Footnote 6Cf. Luke vi. 39, Matt. xv. 14, John xix. 39-41. and those who are veritably deprived of the knowledge of the veritable being of things, those who have no vivid pattern Footnote 7Cf. Polit. 277 B, 277 D f., etc., Soph. 226 C, Parmen. 132 D. in their souls and so cannot, as painters look to their models, fix their eyes Footnote 8ἀποβλέποντες belongs to the terminology of the ideas. Cf. 472 C, Cratyl. 389 A, Gorg. 503 E, Tim. 28 A, Prot. 354 C, and my What Plato Said, p. 458 on Euthyph. 6 E. on the absolute truth, and always with reference to that ideal and in the exactest possible contemplation of it establish in this world also the laws of the beautiful, the just and the good, when that is needful, or guard and preserve those that are established?
No, by heaven,
he said, there is not much difference.
Shall we, then, appoint these blind souls as our guardians, rather than those who have learned to know the ideal reality of things and who do not fall short of the others in experience Footnote 9Cf. 539 E, 521 B, Phileb. 62. Cf. Introd. p. xl; Apelt, Republic, p. 490. and are not second to them in any part of virtue?
It would be strange indeed,
he said, to choose others than the philosophers, provided they were not deficient in those other respects, for this very knowledge of the ideal would perhaps be the greatest of superiorities.
Book 6