This, then, my good sir, is what I understand as the identical principle of justice that obtains in all states —the advantage of the established government. This I presume you will admit holds power and is strong, so that, if one reasons rightly, it works out that the just is the same thing everywhere, Footnote 1Thrasymachus makes it plain that he, unlike Meno (71 E), Euthyphro (5 ff.), Laches (191 E), Hippias (Hippias Major 286 ff.), and even Theaetetus (146 C-D) at first, understands the nature of a definition. the advantage of the stronger.
Now,
said I, I have learned your meaning, but whether it is true or not I have to try to learn. The advantageous, then, is also your reply, Thrasymachus, to the question, what is the just—though you forbade me to give that answer. But you add thereto that of the stronger.
A trifling addition Footnote 2Cf. Laches 182 C. perhaps you think it,
he said. It is not yet clear Footnote 3For the teasing or challenging repetition cf. 394 B, 470 B-C, 487 E, 493 A, 500 B, 505 D, 514 B, 517 C, 523 A, 527 C, Lysis 203 B, Sophocles O.T. 327. whether it is a big one either; but that we must inquire whether what you say is true, is clear. Footnote 4For the teasing or challenging repetition cf. 394 B, 470 B-C, 487 E, 493 A, 500 B, 505 D, 514 B, 517 C, 523 A, 527 C, Lysis 203 B, Sophocles O.T. 327. For since I too admit that the just is something that is of advantage Footnote 5For Plato’s so-called utilitarianism or eudaemonism see 457 B, Unity of Plato’s Thought, pp. 21-22, Gomperz, ii. p. 262. He would have nearly accepted Bentham’s statement that while the proper end of government is the greatest happiness of the greatest number, the actual end of every government is the greatest happiness of the governors. Cf. Leslie Stephen, English Utilitarianism, i. p. 282, ii. p. 89. —but you are for making an addition and affirm it to be the advantage of the stronger, while I don’t profess to know, Footnote 6This profession of ignorance may have been a trait of the real Socrates, but in Plato it is a dramatic device for the evolution of the argument. we must pursue the inquiry.
Inquire away,
he said.
I will do so,
said I. Tell me, then; you affirm also, do you not, that obedience to rulers is just?
I do.
May I ask whether the rulers in the various states are infallible Footnote 7The argument turns on the opposition between the real (i.e. ideal) and the mistakenly supposed interest of the rulers. See on 334 C. or capable sometimes of error?
Surely,
he said, they are liable to err.
Then in their attempts at legislation they enact some laws rightly and some not rightly, do they not?
So I suppose.
And by rightly we are to understand for their advantage, and by wrongly to their disadvantage? Do you mean that or not?
That.
But whatever they enact Footnote 8Cf. 338 E and Theaetetus 177 D. must be performed by their subjects and is justice?
Of course.
Then on your theory it is just not only to do what is the advantage of the stronger but also the opposite, what is not to his advantage.
What’s that you’re saying?
Footnote 9Τί λέγεις σύ; is rude. See Blaydes on Aristophanes Clouds 1174. The supspicion that he is being refuted makes Thrasymachus rude again. But Cf. Euthydemus 290 E. he replied. What you yourself are saying, Footnote 10Cf. Berkeley, Divine Visual Language, 13:
The conclusions are yours as much as mine, for you were led to them by your own concessions.
See on 334 D, Alc. I. 112-113. On a misunderstanding of this passage and 344 E, Herbert Spencer (Data of Ethics, 19) bases the statement that Plato (and Aristotle), like Hobbes, made state enactments the source of right and wrong. I think. Let us consider it more closely. Have we not agreed that the rulers in giving orders to the ruled sometimes mistake their own advantage, and that whatever the rulers enjoin is just for the subjects to perform? Was not that admitted?I think it was,
he replied. Then you will have to think,
Footnote 11Socrates is himself a little rude. I said, that to do what is disadvantageous to the rulers and the stronger has been admitted by you to be just in the case when the rulers unwittingly enjoin what is bad for themselves, while you affirm that it is just for the others to do what they enjoined. In that way does not this conclusion inevitably follow, my most sapient Footnote 12Cf. Gorgias 495 D. Thrasymachus, that it is just to do the very opposite Footnote 13Cf. Laches 215 E, Phaedo 62 E. of what you say? For it is in that case surely the disadvantage of the stronger or superior that the inferior are commanded to perform.
Book 1