Section 83

"How, Socrates?" "I will tell you. The lovers of learning know that when philosophy took possession of their soul, it was bound firmly within the body, glued to it, compelled to examine the realities through the body as through a prison cage, rather than by itself. It was wallowing in utter ignorance. Philosophy saw the terrible nature of the prison—that it is caused by desire, so that the prisoner himself is the chief accomplice in his own imprisonment. As I say, lovers of learning know that philosophy, taking hold of their soul in this state, gently encourages it and tries to release it. It shows that investigation through the eyes is full of deceit, as is investigation through the ears and the other senses. It persuades the soul to withdraw from these, except insofar as it is necessary to use them, and advises the soul to collect and gather itself into itself, trusting nothing but itself and the reality it grasps by itself. Whatever it investigates through other things that varies in other things, it considers untrue; such things are sensible and visible, but what the soul sees itself is intelligible and invisible. Because the soul of the true philosopher believes it must not oppose this release, it abstains from pleasures, desires, pains, and fears as much as possible. It reasons that when someone is violently pleased, pained, fearful, or desirous, he does not merely suffer a small evil from them—such as getting sick or wasting money on desires—but suffers the greatest and most extreme of all evils, and doesn't even realize it." "What is that evil, Socrates?" said Cebes. "That the soul of every human being, when violently pleased or pained by something, is compelled to believe that what most causes this feeling is most real and true, when in fact it is not. These are especially the visible things, are they not?" "Certainly." "And is it not in this state that the soul is most firmly bound by the body?" "How so?" "Because every pleasure and pain, like a nail, nails and rivets the soul to the body. It makes the soul corporeal, causing it to believe that whatever the body says is true. From agreeing with the body and delighting in the same things, it is forced to become like the body in character and nurture, so that it can never arrive purely in Hades. Instead, it always departs infected by the body, quickly falling back into another body and growing there like a sown seed, deprived of all share in communion with the divine, pure, and uniform."

Τμῆμα 83

ΦΑΙΔ. — ὅπερ οὖν λέγω, γιγνώσκουσιν οἱ φιλομαθεῖς ὅτι οὕτω παραλαβοῦσα ἡ φιλοσοφία ἔχουσαν αὐτῶν τὴν ψυχὴν ἠρέμα παραμυθεῖται καὶ λύειν ἐπιχειρεῖ, ἐνδεικνυμένη ὅτι ἀπάτης μὲν μεστὴ ἡ διὰ τῶν ὀμμάτων σκέψις, ἀπάτης δὲ ἡ διὰ τῶν ὤτων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων αἰσθήσεων, πείθουσα δὲ ἐκ τούτων μὲν ἀναχωρεῖν, ὅσον μὴ ἀνάγκη αὐτοῖς χρῆσθαι, αὐτὴν δὲ εἰς αὑτὴν συλλέγεσθαι καὶ ἁθροίζεσθαι παρακελευομένη, πιστεύειν δὲ μηδενὶ ἄλλῳ ἀλλ’ ἢ αὐτὴν αὑτῇ, ὅτι ἂν νοήσῃ αὐτὴ καθ’ αὑτὴν αὐτὸ καθ’ αὑτὸ τῶν ὄντων· ὅτι δ’ ἂν δι’ ἄλλων σκοπῇ ἐν ἄλλοις ὂν ἄλλο, μηδὲν ἡγεῖσθαι ἀληθές· εἶναι δὲ τὸ μὲν τοιοῦτον αἰσθητόν τε καὶ ὁρατόν, ὃ δὲ αὐτὴ ὁρᾷ νοητόν τε καὶ ἀιδές. ταύτῃ οὖν τῇ λύσει οὐκ οἰομένη δεῖν ἐναντιοῦσθαι ἡ τοῦ ὡς ἀληθῶς φιλοσόφου ψυχὴ οὕτως ἀπέχεται τῶν ἡδονῶν τε καὶ ἐπιθυμιῶν καὶ λυπῶν καὶ φόβων καθ’ ὅσον δύναται, λογιζομένη ὅτι, ἐπειδάν τις σφόδρα ἡσθῇ ἢ φοβηθῇ ἢ λυπηθῇ ἢ ἐπιθυμήσῃ, οὐδὲν τοσοῦτον κακὸν ἔπαθεν ἀπ’ αὐτῶν ὧν ἄν τις οἰηθείη, οἷον ἢ νοσήσας ἤ τι ἀναλώσας διὰ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας, ἀλλ’ ὃ πάντων μέγιστόν τε κακῶν καὶ ἔσχατόν ἐστι, τοῦτο πάσχει καὶ οὐ λογίζεται αὐτό. τί τοῦτο, ὦ Σώκρατες; ἔφη ὁ Κέβης. ὅτι ψυχὴ παντὸς ἀνθρώπου ἀναγκάζεται ἅμα τε ἡσθῆναι σφόδρα ἢ λυπηθῆναι ἐπί τῳ καὶ ἡγεῖσθαι περὶ ὃ ἂν μάλιστα τοῦτο πάσχῃ, τοῦτο ἐναργέστατόν τε εἶναι καὶ ἀληθέστατον, οὐχ οὕτως ἔχον· ταῦτα δὲ μάλιστα τὰ ὁρατά· ἢ οὔ; πάνυ γε. οὐκοῦν ἐν τούτῳ τῷ πάθει μάλιστα καταδεῖται ψυχὴ ὑπὸ σώματος; πῶς δή; ὅτι ἑκάστη ἡδονὴ καὶ λύπη ὥσπερ ἧλον ἔχουσα προσηλοῖ αὐτὴν πρὸς τὸ σῶμα καὶ προσπερονᾷ καὶ ποιεῖ σωματοειδῆ, δοξάζουσαν ταῦτα ἀληθῆ εἶναι ἅπερ ἂν καὶ τὸ σῶμα φῇ. ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ ὁμοδοξεῖν τῷ σώματι καὶ τοῖς αὐτοῖς χαίρειν ἀναγκάζεται οἶμαι ὁμότροπός τε καὶ ὁμότροφος γίγνεσθαι καὶ οἵα μηδέποτε εἰς Ἅιδου καθαρῶς ἀφικέσθαι, ἀλλὰ ἀεὶ τοῦ σώματος ἀναπλέα ἐξιέναι, ὥστε ταχὺ πάλιν πίπτειν εἰς ἄλλο σῶμα καὶ ὥσπερ σπειρομένη ἐμφύεσθαι, καὶ ἐκ τούτων ἄμοιρος εἶναι τῆς τοῦ θείου τε καὶ καθαροῦ καὶ μονοειδοῦς συνουσίας. ἀληθέστατα, ἔφη, λέγεις, ὁ Κέβης, ὦ Σώκρατες. τούτων τοίνυν ἕνεκα, ὦ Κέβης, οἱ δικαίως φιλομαθεῖς κόσμιοί εἰσι καὶ ἀνδρεῖοι, οὐχ ὧν οἱ πολλοὶ ἕνεκά φασιν· ἢ σὺ οἴει;